Merge branch 'master' of github.com:javascript-tutorial/en.javascript.info into sync-69893128

Author: iliakan

1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ For instance, in-browser JavaScript is able to:
 
 ## What CAN'T in-browser JavaScript do?
 
-JavaScript's abilities in the browser are limited for the sake of the user's safety. The aim is to prevent an evil webpage from accessing private information or harming the user's data.
+JavaScript's abilities in the browser are limited for the sake of a user's safety. The aim is to prevent an evil webpage from accessing private information or harming the user's data.
 
 Examples of such restrictions include:
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ There are at least *three* great things about JavaScript:
 ```compare
 + Full integration with HTML/CSS.
 + Simple things are done simply.
-+ Support by all major browsers and enabled by default.
++ Supported by all major browsers and enabled by default.
 ```
 JavaScript is the only browser technology that combines these three things.
 
@@ -118,5 +118,5 @@ There are more. Of course, even if we use one of transpiled languages, we should
 ## Summary
 
 - JavaScript was initially created as a browser-only language, but it is now used in many other environments as well.
-- Today, JavaScript has a unique position as the most widely-adopted browser language with full integration in HTML/CSS.
+- Today, JavaScript has a unique position as the most widely-adopted browser language, fully integrated with HTML/CSS.
 - There are many languages that get "transpiled" to JavaScript and provide certain features. It is recommended to take a look at them, at least briefly, after mastering JavaScript.

1-js/06-advanced-functions/03-closure/9-sort-by-field/_js.view/test.js

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe("byField", function(){
       { name: "John", age: 20, surname: "Johnson"},
     ];
     let ageSortedAnswer = users.sort(byField("age"));
-    assert.deepEqual(ageSortedKey, ageSortedKey);
+    assert.deepEqual(ageSortedKey, ageSortedAnswer);
   });
 
   it("sorts users by surname", function(){

1-js/06-advanced-functions/10-bind/article.md

@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ let user = {
 
 let say = user.say.bind(user);
 
-say("Hello"); // Hello, John ("Hello" argument is passed to say)
-say("Bye"); // Bye, John ("Bye" is passed to say)
+say("Hello"); // Hello, John! ("Hello" argument is passed to say)
+say("Bye"); // Bye, John! ("Bye" is passed to say)
 ```
 
 ````smart header="Convenience method: `bindAll`"

1-js/09-classes/06-instanceof/article.md

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ The algorithm of `obj instanceof Class` works roughly as follows:
     alert(rabbit instanceof Animal); // true
     */!*
 
-    // rabbit.__proto__ === Rabbit.prototype
+    // rabbit.__proto__ === Animal.prototype (no match)
     *!*
     // rabbit.__proto__.__proto__ === Animal.prototype (match!)
     */!*

1-js/11-async/03-promise-chaining/article.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The idea is that the result is passed through the chain of `.then` handlers.
 Here the flow is:
 1. The initial promise resolves in 1 second `(*)`,
 2. Then the `.then` handler is called `(**)`, which in turn creates a new promise (resolved with `2` value).
-3. The next `then` `(***)` gets the result of the previous one, processes it (doubles) and passes the next handler.
+3. The next `then` `(***)` gets the result of the previous one, processes it (doubles) and passes it to the next handler.
 4. ...and so on.
 
 As the result is passed along the chain of handlers, we can see a sequence of `alert` calls: `1` -> `2` -> `4`.

1-js/11-async/08-async-await/article.md

@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ The `async` keyword before a function has two effects:
 
 The `await` keyword before a promise makes JavaScript wait until that promise settles, and then:
 
-1. If it's an error, the exception is generated — same as if `throw error` were called at that very place.
+1. If it's an error, an exception is generated — same as if `throw error` were called at that very place.
 2. Otherwise, it returns the result.
 
 Together they provide a great framework to write asynchronous code that is easy to both read and write.

1-js/13-modules/01-modules-intro/article.md

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ Compare it to non-module scripts, where `this` is a global object:
 
 There are also several browser-specific differences of scripts with `type="module"` compared to regular ones.
 
-You may want skip this section for now if you're reading for the first time, or if you don't use JavaScript in a browser.
+You may want to skip this section for now if you're reading for the first time, or if you don't use JavaScript in a browser.
 
 ### Module scripts are deferred
 

2-ui/1-document/05-basic-dom-node-properties/article.md

@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ The classes are:
     - [HTMLInputElement](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#htmlinputelement) -- the class for `<input>` elements,
     - [HTMLBodyElement](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics.html#htmlbodyelement) -- the class for `<body>` elements,
     - [HTMLAnchorElement](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics.html#htmlanchorelement) -- the class for `<a>` elements,
-    - ...and so on, each tag has its own class that may provide specific properties and methods.
+    - ...and so on.
+
+There are many other tags with their own classes that may specific properties and methods, while some elements, such as `<span>`, `<section>`, `<article>` do not have any specific properties, so they are instances of `HTMLElement` class.
 
 So, the full set of properties and methods of a given node comes as the result of the inheritance.
 
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ For instance:
 
 ```html run
 <body>
-  <script>  
+  <script>
   let elem = document.body;
 
   // let's examine what it is?

2-ui/1-document/09-size-and-scroll/article.md

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ function isHidden(elem) {
 }
 ```
 
-Please note that such `isHidden` returns `true` for elements that are on-screen, but have zero sizes (like an empty `<div>`).
+Please note that such `isHidden` returns `true` for elements that are on-screen, but have zero sizes.
 ````
 
 ## clientTop/Left

2-ui/2-events/01-introduction-browser-events/article.md

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ button.onclick = sayThanks;
 button.onclick = sayThanks();
 ```
 
-If we add parentheses, then `sayThanks()` becomes is a function call. So the last line actually takes the *result* of the function execution, that is `undefined` (as the function returns nothing), and assigns it to `onclick`. That doesn't work.
+If we add parentheses, then `sayThanks()` becomes a function call. So the last line actually takes the *result* of the function execution, that is `undefined` (as the function returns nothing), and assigns it to `onclick`. That doesn't work.
 
 ...On the other hand, in the markup we do need the parentheses:
 

2-ui/3-event-details/7-keyboard-events/keyboard-dump.view/script.js

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ let lastTime = Date.now();
 function handle(e) {
   if (form.elements[e.type + 'Ignore'].checked) return;
 
+  area.scrollTop = 1e6;
+
   let text = e.type +
     ' key=' + e.key +
     ' code=' + e.code +

2-ui/5-loading/01-onload-ondomcontentloaded/article.md

@@ -185,6 +185,26 @@ window.onbeforeunload = function() {
 
 The behavior was changed, because some webmasters abused this event handler by showing misleading and annoying messages. So right now old browsers still may show it as a message, but aside of that -- there's no way to customize the message shown to the user.
 
+````warn header="The `event.preventDefault()` doesn't work from a `beforeunload` handler"
+That may sound weird, but most browsers ignore `event.preventDefault()`.
+
+Which means, following code may not work:
+```js run
+window.addEventListener("beforeunload", (event) => {
+  // doesn't work, so this event handler doesn't do anything
+	event.preventDefault();
+});
+```
+
+Instead, in such handlers one should set `event.returnValue` to a string to get the result similar to the code above:
+```js run
+window.addEventListener("beforeunload", (event) => {
+  // works, same as returning from window.onbeforeunload
+	event.returnValue = "There are unsaved changes. Leave now?";
+});
+```
+````
+
 ## readyState
 
 What happens if we set the `DOMContentLoaded` handler after the document is loaded?

2-ui/5-loading/02-script-async-defer/article.md

@@ -133,8 +133,12 @@ Async scripts are great when we integrate an independent third-party script into
 <script async src="https://google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script>
 ```
 
+```smart header="The `async` attribute is only for external scripts"
+Just like `defer`, the `async` attribute is ignored if the `<script>` tag has no `src`.
+```
+
 ## Dynamic scripts
- 
+
 There's one more important way of adding a script to the page.
 
 We can create a script and append it to the document dynamically using JavaScript:
@@ -188,7 +192,7 @@ But there are also essential differences between them:
 | `async` | *Load-first order*. Their document order doesn't matter -- which loads first runs first |  Irrelevant. May load and execute while the document has not yet been fully downloaded. That happens if scripts are small or cached, and the document is long enough. |
 | `defer` | *Document order* (as they go in the document). |  Execute after the document is loaded and parsed (they wait if needed), right before `DOMContentLoaded`. |
 
-In practice, `defer` is used for scripts that need the whole DOM and/or their relative execution order is important. 
+In practice, `defer` is used for scripts that need the whole DOM and/or their relative execution order is important.
 
 And  `async` is used for independent scripts, like counters or ads. And their relative execution order does not matter.
 

9-regular-expressions/07-regexp-escaping/article.md

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 
 As we've seen, a backslash `pattern:\` is used to denote character classes, e.g. `pattern:\d`. So it's a special character in regexps (just like in regular strings).
 
-There are other special characters as well, that have special meaning in a regexp. They are used to do more powerful searches. Here's a full list of them: `pattern:[ \ ^ $ . | ? * + ( )`.
+There are other special characters as well, that have special meaning in a regexp, such as `pattern:[ ] { } ( ) \ ^ $ . | ? * +`. They are used to do more powerful searches.
 
-Don't try to remember the list -- soon we'll deal with each of them separately and you'll know them by heart automatically.
+Don't try to remember the list -- soon we'll deal with each of them, and you'll know them by heart automatically.
 
 ## Escaping