diff --git a/pandas/io/json/_table_schema.py b/pandas/io/json/_table_schema.py
index 7879be18b52c9..b5ee32220d7b7 100644
--- a/pandas/io/json/_table_schema.py
+++ b/pandas/io/json/_table_schema.py
@@ -372,6 +372,11 @@ def parse_table_schema(json, precise_float: bool) -> DataFrame:
     pandas.read_json
     """
     table = ujson_loads(json, precise_float=precise_float)
+    fields = table["schema"]["fields"]
+
+    if any(not isinstance(field["name"], str) for field in fields):
+        raise ValueError("All column names must be strings when using orient='table'.")
+
     col_order = [field["name"] for field in table["schema"]["fields"]]
     df = DataFrame(table["data"], columns=col_order)[col_order]
 
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/json/test_json_table_schema.py b/pandas/tests/io/json/test_json_table_schema.py
index 7936982e4a055..dba615f532d70 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/json/test_json_table_schema.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/json/test_json_table_schema.py
@@ -881,3 +881,24 @@ def test_read_json_table_orient_period_depr_freq(self, freq):
         out = StringIO(df.to_json(orient="table"))
         result = pd.read_json(out, orient="table")
         tm.assert_frame_equal(df, result)
+
+    def test_read_json_table_non_string_column_names(self) -> None:
+        bad_json = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "schema": {
+                    "fields": [
+                        {"name": 0, "type": "integer"},
+                        {"name": 1, "type": "string"},
+                    ],
+                    "primaryKey": [],
+                    "pandas_version": "1.0.0",
+                },
+                "data": [[1, "a"], [2, "b"]],
+            }
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ValueError,
+            match="All column names must be strings when using orient='table'",
+        ):
+            pd.read_json(StringIO(bad_json), orient="table")