JavaScript-like
Solidity ★6658 (https://github.com/ethereum/solidity) by Gavin Wood, Christian Reitwiessner, Alex Beregszaszi, Liana Husikyan, Yoichi Hirai et al
Python-like
Vyper ★2243 (formerly Viper, successor of Serpent) (https://github.com/ethereum/vyper) by Vitalik Buterin et al
Serpent ★301 (formerly HLL - Higher-Level Language) - (https://github.com/ethereum/serpent) by Vitalik Buterin et al - RETIRED, see Vyper
Lisp-like
Pyramid Scheme ★215 - (https://github.com/MichaelBurge/pyramid-scheme) by Michael Burge - EXPIRMENTAL, RETIRED
Go-like
Mutan ★36 - (https://github.com/obscuren/mutan) by Jeffrey Wilcke - EXPIRIMENTAL, RETIRED
Yul (formerly Julia), see the libyul folder in the Solidity sources / repo and the Yul section in the Solidity programming language reference / docs
LLL (Low-level Lisp-like Language), see the liblll and lllc folders in the Solidity sources / repo - RETIRED ? (see Yul ?)