🌟 STAR-1: Safer Alignment of Reasoning LLMs with 1K Data

📃 Paper ｜🤗 STAR-1 Data | 🤗 STAR-1 Model | 📚 Project Page

Zijun Wang, Haoqin Tu, Yuhan Wang, Juncheng Wu, Jieru Mei, Brian R. Bartoldson, Bhavya Kailkhura, Cihang Xie

Introduction

STAR-1 is a high-quality safety dataset designed to enhance safety alignment in large reasoning models (LRMs) like DeepSeek-R1.

• Built on the principles of diversity, deliberative reasoning, and rigorous filtering, STAR-1 integrates and refines data from multiple sources to provide policy-grounded reasoning samples.
• The dataset contains 1,000 carefully selected examples, each aligned with best safety practices through GPT-4o-based evaluation.
• Fine-tuning with STAR-1 leads to significant safety improvements across multiple benchmarks, with minimal impact on reasoning capabilities.

Artifacts

Data

Dataset	Num. of Sample	URL
STAR-1	1K	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR-1
STAR 41K	41K	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR-41K
STAR-benign-915	915	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR-benign-915

Model

Model	Type	URL
STAR1-R1-Distill-1.5B	R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B trained on STAR-1	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR1-R1-Distill-1.5B
STAR1-R1-Distill-7B	R1-Distill-Qwen-7B trained on STAR-1	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR1-R1-Distill-7B
STAR1-R1-Distill-8B	R1-Distill-Llama-8B trained on STAR-1	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR1-R1-Distill-8B
STAR1-R1-Distill-14B	R1-Distill-Qwen-14B trained on STAR-1	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR1-R1-Distill-14B
STAR1-R1-Distill-32B	R1-Distill-Qwen-32B trained on STAR-1	🤗 UCSC-VLAA/STAR1-R1-Distill-32B

Structure

• data_making/: STAR-1 Data making pipeline (Sec. 2)

  • data_collection/: Sec. 2.1
  • deliberative_reasoning/: Sec. 2.2
  • data_selection: Sec. 2.3

• train/: Training scripts (Sec. 3.1)

• benchmark/: Evaluation Scripts (Sec. 3.1)

  • safe_benchmark: Safety Evaluation
  • reasoning_benchmark/: Reasoning Evaluation

• overrefusal_ablation/: A Mitigation for the Overrefusal Behaviour (Sec. 4.3)

Quick Start

git clone https://github.com/UCSC-VLAA/STAR-1.git
cd STAR-1
pip install -e .

Data Making Pipeline (Sec 2)

Data Collection (Sec. 2.1)

cd data_making/data_collection/scripts
bash load_test_datasets.sh
bash collect_decon_train_datasets.sh

You will get a json file named data_collection.json under data_making/data_collection/ folder and this contains the 41K initial collected data (after deduplication).

Deliberative Reasoning (Sec. 2.2)

cd data_making/deliberative_reasoning/category_classification
mkdir datasets
cp ../../data_collection/data_collection.json datasets/
bash category_classification.sh

You will get a json file named data_with_category.json under data_making/deliberative_reasoning/category_classification/ folder and this contains the 41K samples with safety categories classified by GPT-4o.

cd data_making/deliberative_reasoning/reasoning_generation
mkdir datasets
cp ../category_classification/data_with_category.json datasets/
bash reasoning_generation.sh

You will get a json file named data_with_cot.json under data_making/deliberative_reasoning/reasoning_generation/ folder and this contains the 41K samples with safety-aligned reasoning process grounded with safety policies, generated by Deepseek-R1.

Data Selection (Sec. 2.3)

cd data_making/data_selection
mkdir datasets
cp ../deliberative_reasoning/reasoning_generation/data_with_cot.json datasets/
bash scorer.sh

You will get:

• A json file named data_with_score.json under data_making/data_selection/ folder and this contains the 41K samples with 4o-based scores. This data_with_score.json is our STAR-41K
• A json file named all_10.json under data_making/data_selection/ folder and this contains samples with full scores(10) on all criteria. (Sec. 2.3 - Ensuring Accuracy)
• A json file named star1_high.json under data_making/data_selection/ folder and this contains 1K samples selected according to balanced representation. (Sec. 2.3 - Ensuring Diversity). This star1_high.json is our final STAR-1.

Training (Sec 3.1)

cd train
bash run_sft.sh

The run_sft.sh looks like:

accelerate launch --config_file ./configs/deepspeed_zero3.yaml \
    --num_processes 8  \
    --train_bsz_per_gpu 1 \
    --num_machines 1 \
    --machine_rank 0 \
    --deepspeed_multinode_launcher standard sft.py \
    --model_path deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B \
    --data_path ../data/STAR-1.json \
    --n_epochs 5 \
    --experiment_name STAR-1 \
    --base_model Qwen \
    --base_flag 0 \
    --think_flag 1

• base_flag: If distill model then 0 elif instruct model then 1
• think_flag: default=1, if w/o think then 0 (Sec 4.2)
• train_bsz_per_gpu * num_processes should be 8 to keep the batchsize as 128
• You change the model_path to different model
• Or change the data_path to use different finetune data (Sec 4.1)

Evaluation (Sec 3.1)

You could change the mode_path of the evaluated model in benchmark/config.py.

Safety Benchmark

cd benchmark/safe_benchmark
bash scripts.sh $model $data
# bash scripts.sh DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B strongreject

Reasoning Benchmark

The code in Reasoning Benchmark is based on simple-evals and modified.

cd benchmark/reasoning_benchmark
bash run_all_evals.sh

If you want to change models, change MODELS inside the bash scrips run_all_evals.sh at Line 7.

Overrefusal Ablation (Sec 4.3)

Data Generation (App. E)

cd overrefusal_ablation/benign_gene
mkdir datasets
cp ../../data_making/data_selection/star1_high.json datastes/
bash rewriter.sh

You will get a json file named star1_benign.json under overrefusal_ablation/benign_gene/ folder and this contains the 1K samples that structurally similar to 1K harmful questions in STAR-1 but benign variants.

Reasoning Generation

cd overrefusal_ablation/reasoning_generation
mkdir datasets
cp ../benign_gene/star1_benign.json datasets/
bash reasoning_generation.sh

You will get a json file named star1_benign_with_cot.json under overrefusal_ablation/reasoning_generation/ folder and this contains 1K benign variants with reasoning process generated by Deepseek-R1.

Data Filtering (App. E)

cd overrefusal_ablation/scorer
mkdir datasets
cp ../reasoning_generation/star1_benign_with_cot.json datasets/
bash scorer.sh

You will get

• A json file named star1_benign_with_score.json under overrefusal_ablation/scorer/ folder and this contains the 1K benign variants with 4o-based scores.
• A json file named star1_benign_filtered.json under overrefusal_ablation/scorer/ folder and this contains the benign variants with full scores(5) on all criteria. This star1_benign_filtered.json is our final STAR-benign-915.

Training and Benchmarking

Then you can combine the star1_benign_filtered.json with star1_high.json, and use these 2K samples to sft a model and benchmark the finetuned model. The pipeline is the same as Training and Evaluation above.

Acknowledgement

This work is partially supported by a gift from Open Philanthropy. We thank the NAIRR Pilot Program and the Microsoft Accelerate Foundation Models Research Program for supporting our computing needs.

LLNL co-authors were supported under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 with the U.S. Department of Energy and the LLNL-LDRD Program under Project No. 24-ERD-058. The United States Government retains, and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.

Citation

@article{wang2025star1saferalignmentreasoning,
    title={STAR-1: Safer Alignment of Reasoning LLMs with 1K Data}, 
    author={Zijun Wang and Haoqin Tu and Yuhan Wang and Juncheng Wu and Jieru Mei and Brian R. Bartoldson and Bhavya Kailkhura and Cihang Xie},
    year={2025},
    journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.01903}
}