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Human and animal studies implicate theta and alpha oscillations in memory function. We tested whether theta, alpha, and beta phase consistency predicts memory encoding dynamics in neurosurgical patients performing delayed free recall tasks with either unrelated (N=188) or categorized words (N=157). Post-stimulus oscillatory phase consistency occurred at 3-21Hz across widespread brain regions. Greater recall of early-list items correlated significantly with increased theta (3-7Hz) phase consistency. Controlling for serial position effects, subsequently recalled versus forgotten items showed distinct frequency-dependent phase consistency: theta (3-6Hz) and alpha (9-14Hz) for unrelated lists, and primarily theta (3-6Hz) and beta (14-19Hz) for categorized lists. Early-list items showed significant theta phase consistency differences, while later items showed alpha differences in unrelated word lists and both theta and beta differences in categorized word lists. The lateral temporal cortex showed significant theta effects, and the prefrontal cortex exhibited both theta and alpha differences. These findings show that with effects across multiple frequency bands, oscillatory phase exhibits more consistent alignment with stimuli onset during stronger episodic encoding.
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